This study investigates the relationship between PE and Macroeconomic variables. In this paper, 21 Macroeconomic variables are selected with decomposition to nominal and real variables. Also for detrending, trend variable is entered in model as an independent variable and multiple regression and factorial analysis are used for surveying research hypothesis. The multiple regression analysis result indicates that there is strict correlation between selected variables. However, it is confirmed the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable (PE) by using factorial analysis and major component method.

This paper assesses the impact of a comprehensive set of Macroeconomic factors (including changes in exchange rate, changes in inflation rate, changes in liquidity, changes in trade balance, and changes in gross domestic production) on voluntary disclosure in companies annual reports. The analysis of systematic factors) economic variables and the level of voluntary disclosure is ignored in capital market researches, which is considered the contribution of the present research.The data set includes 113 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 1391 -1398. The study used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model to examine the relationship between above mentioned Macroeconomic factors and corporate voluntary disclosure. The empirical results show that among Macroeconomic variables that have been examined, there are only significant relationships between changes in inflation rate, liquidity, and gross domestic product and voluntary disclosure. We did not find any statistically significant association between other Macroeconomic factors (including changes in Exchange rate and trade balance) and voluntary disclosure. The results suggest that Macroeconomic variables can explain the corporate voluntary disclosure.

This paper assesses the impact of a comprehensive set of Macroeconomic factors (including changes in exchange rate, changes in inflation rate, changes in liquidity, changes in trade balance, and changes in gross domestic production) on error of management earnings forecast in companies annual reports. Detailed analysis of research related to earnings forecasting by managers and especially researches in Iran, indicates lack of adequate attention to the impact of the Macroeconomic variables on earnings forecast error so this paper seeks to fill this research gap. The data set includes 80 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 1386-1393. The study used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model to examine the relationship between above mentioned Macroeconomic factors and management earnings forecast. The empirical results show that among the Macroeconomic variables that have been examined, there are only significant positive relationships between two of above mentioned Macroeconomic factors (including changes in exchange rate, and changes in gross domestic product) and management earnings forecast. We did not find any statistically significant association between other Macroeconomic factors (including changes in inflation rate, liquidity, and trade balance) and management earnings forecast. The results suggest that Macroeconomic variables can affect the accuracy of earnings forecasts by management, hence the neglecting of such factors can result in increasing in the error of earnings forecasts.

In this study, a simulation method is used as a suitable methodology for evaluation of the effect of fiscal policy on Macroeconomic variables.A model, consisting of seven behavioral equations and three identities, was specified to define Keynesian view point. The model is estimated by two stage least square method. The study covers 1979-2001 periods. The model is used to simulate two scenarios of fiscal policies on Macroeconomic variables.The results of this study showed that increasing government expenditure is more effective than decreasing direct tax. Applying both expansionary policies:1- causes the model’s variables , especially real investment, to fluctuate. This implies that fiscal policy can lead to economic instabilities, though they may have been designed to achieve economic stability;2- at first, price indices and real output levels will rise, but after some periods of fluctuation, price levels finally decline;3- at first, real import of goods and services will increase due to applying expansionary fiscal policy. But it is expected to decrease by overwhelming the reduction of price levels on increasing real outputs (real income);4- The effect of an increase in government expenditures or a decrease in direct taxes on the budget deficit will gradually fade off in a long termtrend.

In this study long run relation and short run dynamics between agricultural trade balance and Macroeconomic variables in Iran have been examined. For this purpose Johanson cointegration test and vector error correction model were applied. Results showed that agricultural value added, exchange rate, economic openness index and agricultural import tariff have positive and significant impact on agricultural trade balance, whereas per capital disposable income and food whole sale price index have negative and significant impact on agricultural trade balance. Moreover, impulse response function results showed that a shocked in agricultural value added, economic openness index and food whole sale price index have positive influence on agricultural trade balance. Also, variance decomposition results showed that agricultural trade balance, agricultural import tariff, economic openness index and real exchange rate describe major part of changes in agricultural trade balance. Finally, agricultural trade balance might improve if real exchange rate increase and government proved open economic condition.

Taxation due to its mandatorily and regularity is the most important source of government revenue in financing development programs, including strengthening physical infrastructure. Accordingly, the issue of identifying the determinants of tax revenue is of particular importance in any economy that Iran's economy cannot excluded from this principle. Thus, this study investigates the effect of Macroeconomic variables (economic growth, inflation, exchange rate and Openness) on government tax revenues using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in Iran during 1978-2018. The results from this study support the views of Calder (1962), Tudaro (1969), Olivera-Tanzi (1977), and Tanzi (1989) and show that economic growth, inflation, official exchange rate changes, and urbanization-Due to the underdevelopment of the Iran's economy-have a negative impact on tax revenue. Also, our findings indicate that Openness and share of services in GDP have a positive and significant effect and financial instability has a negative and significant effect on tax revenue. Finally, based on the findings of this study, there is no evidence that the variables of exchange rate fluctuations, government oil revenues and share of agricultural and industrial in GDP, have a significant impact on tax revenue.

This paper assesses the impact of a comprehensive set of Macroeconomic factors (including changes in Gross Domestic Production (GDP), changes in trade balance, changes in exchange rate, and changes in inflation rate) on management earnings forecast horizon in companies’ annual reports. The data set includes 85 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 1386-1393. The study used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model to examine the relationship between above mentioned Macroeconomic factors and management earnings forecast horizon. The empirical results show that among the Macroeconomic variables that have been examined, there are only significant relationships between two of above mentioned Macroeconomic factors (including changes in exchange rate, and changes in inflation) and management earnings forecast horizon. Therefore we infer that by increasing volatility of both exchange and inflation rates, managers prefer to choose short term horizon for making their earnings forecast. We did not find any statistically significant association between other Macroeconomic factors (including changes in GDP and trade balance) and management earnings forecast. The results suggest that Macroeconomic variables can affect time horizon (short-term and long-term) of management earning forecast.

This study investigates the factors affecting risk management efficiency of banking industry during 2001-2009, taking 15 public and private operating banks in Iran. For this purpose, capital adequacy ratio is considered as risk management efficiency indicator and other determinants are divided into bank specific indicators and Macroeconomic variables. Empirical results represent a positive relationship between the liquidity, profitability, operating efficiency, economic growth and capital adequacy ratio while credit risk and inflation rates have a negative effect on capital adequacy ratio as an indicator of risk management efficiency in banks.